Journal of Technology and Vocational Studies
Welcome to the Jurnal Teknologi dan Vokasi The Editor of the Jurnal Teknologi dan Vokasi (JTV) of the Faculty of Vocational Studies, Padang Technology Institute invites Researchers, Academics, Practitioners and Professionals to contribute their writings, in the fields of: Electrical Power System Electronic Signaling System New Renewable Energy Energy Engineering and Management Electrical Installation Engineering Building Construction Engineering Transportation construction Manufacture Material Energy convertion both in the form of research results and literature reviews that have never been published before in other media. Jurnal Teknologi dan Vokasi is a national journal managed by the Vocational Faculty of the Institut Teknologi Padang and published by ITP Press, 2 (two) times a year in January and July. This journal is available in print and electronically and can be accessed online and can be downloaded for free (Open Access). Abstracting/ Indexing by Crossref, Google Scholar, Microsoft Academic, IOS (Indonesia OneSearch), Garuda (Garba Rujukan Digital), DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals). ISSN 2964-3694 (Online - Elektronik) ISSN 2985-8690 (Media Cetak) DOI: https://doi.org/10.21063/jtv
SIMULASI LOAD FLOW PADA SISTEM DISTRIBUSI DAYA BANGUNAN RUMAH SAKIT TIPE C
Rumah sakit merupakan fasilitas publik dengan ketergantungan kritis terhadap energi listrik untuk menjamin keselamatan pasien dan keberlangsungan operasional perangkat medis 24 jam. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merancang sistem distribusi kelistrikan rumah sakit yang andal sesuai dengan standar Permenkes No. 40 Tahun 2022. Metodologi yang digunakan meliputi perancangan dalam bentuk Single Line Diagram (SLD) dan validasi performa melalui simulasi aliran daya menggunakan perangkat lunak DigSILENT PowerFactory. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa total beban dapat terlayani secara optimal oleh transformator 1250 kVA dengan tingkat pembebanan 75% pada skenario PLN, serta didukung oleh generator set 1250 kVA dengan pembebanan 74% pada skenario cadangan. Analisis pembebanan penghantar pada seluruh panel distribusi berada dalam batas aman (tertinggi 78%), sementara profil tegangan stabil pada kisaran 0,988 pu hingga 1,00 pu. Hasil simulasi membuktikan bahwa rancangan sistem kelistrikan ini memenuhi kriteria kontinuitas dan kualitas daya yang disyaratkan untuk infrastruktur kesehatan.
Copyright (c) 2026 ITP Press https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
ANALISA PERENCANAAN DAN INSTALASI SISTEM PENYALUR PETIR EKSTERNAL TIPE EARLY STREAMER EMISSION DI BATAMINDO POWER HOUSE
Indonesia secara geografis terletak di daerah khatulistiwa dengan iklim tropis dan dikelilingi oleh lautan, menyebabkan tingginya tingkat hari guruh yang terjadi diwilayah ini. Begitu pula dengan pulau Batam yang terletak di Provinsi Kepulauan Riau memiliki karakteristik hari guruh yang tinggi, dimana hal ini dapat dilihat dari tingkat isokraunic level sambaran yang terjadi di area ini yang dapat mencapai lebih dari 215 sambaran per tahun. Kondisi ini menyebabkan perlunya perencanaan dan instalasi sistem penyalur petir eksternal yang dilakukan di area Power House Batamindo Industrial Park, agar kehandalan suplai energi listrik untuk pelanggan diwilayah industri tetap handal dan aman, walaupun tingkat sambaran petir diwilayah ini tinggi. Perencanaan dan instalasi sistem penyalur petir dilakukan dengan mengacu standar Peraturan Umum Instalasi Listrik (PUIL) dan standar nasional melalui Persyaratan Umum Instalasi Penangkal Petir. Dari hasil perencanaan dan instalasi sistem penyalur petir yang dilakukan oleh PT Lancang Kuning Sukses (PT LKS) selaku kontraktor pelaksana project ini, dilakukan pengumpulan data berupa data sheet head unit penyalur petir dimensi ketinggian dan luasan area proteksi serta melakukan pengukuran tahanan pentanahan. Dari pengukuran yang dilakukan terhadap pentanahan sistem penyalur petir diperoleh nilai sebesar 0,56 Ohm, dimana besar nilai pentanahan ini telah sesuai dengan standar PUIL sebesar < 5 Ohm.
Head Unit, Early Streamer Emission, Grounding Resistance
PENGEMBANGAN HEXACOPTER SPRAYER BERKAPASITAS 5 LITER DENGAN SISTEM AKTIVASI NOZEL SELEKTIF BERBASIS KERAPATAN PADA LAHAN TERFRAGMENTASI
Sektor pertanian Indonesia menghadapi tantangan struktural berupa kelangkaan tenaga kerja, aplikasi pestisida yang tidak efisien, serta paparan bahan kimia berbahaya terhadap petani. Meskipun drone sprayer berkapasitas besar (10–30 L) telah banyak diadopsi untuk perkebunan ekstensif, penggunaannya masih tidak ekonomis dan tidak fleksibel bagi petani pemilik lahan kecil yang mengelola lahan terfragmentasi dengan topografi kompleks. Penelitian ini mengembangkan hexacopter sprayer berkapasitas 5 liter dengan konfigurasi enam nozel berbasis aktivasi selektif yang disesuaikan dengan kerapatan tajuk tanaman. Sistem yang diusulkan mengintegrasikan tangki 5 L dengan enam nozel yang dipasang pada lengan hexacopter, di mana empat nozel diaktifkan untuk tanaman dengan tajuk penuh dan dua nozel (diposisikan tepat di bawah propeler sisi kiri dan kanan) diaktifkan untuk tanaman dengan tajuk jarang atau aplikasi perkebunan. Prototipe dikembangkan dari platform hexacopter fotogrametri sebelumnya dengan kapasitas angkat 12 kg dan kemampuan terbang otonom. Pengujian laboratorium memperoleh durasi terbang 24,6 menit tanpa beban dan 20,4 menit pada beban penuh (22,7 kg total). Pengujian operasional lapangan di kebun manggis Banjaloweh, Lima Puluh Kota, Sumatera Barat, menunjukkan bahwa operasi dua nozel selektif mencapai targeted spot spraying dengan efisiensi kimia yang lebih tinggi (1 menit per pohon, cakupan 8 × 8 m²), sementara operasi empat nozel mempercepat waktu aplikasi menjadi 0,5 menit per pohon namun meningkatkan drift ke area non-target. Sistem yang diusulkan meningkatkan Tingkat Kesiapan Teknologi (TKT) dari 6 menjadi 7, menawarkan solusi yang skalabel dan ekonomis untuk lahan pertanian skala kecil dan terfragmentasi di Indonesia.
hexacopter sprayer, aktivasi nozel selektif, pertanian presisi, petani pemilik lahan kecil, penyemprotan UAV
ANALISIS RISIKO SINTERISASI PADA SISTEM PEMBAKARAN BERBASIS PASIR SILIKA
Kinerja sistem pembakaran pada multi-fuel boiler sangat dipengaruhi oleh karakteristik pasir silika sebagai bed material serta kecenderungan terjadinya sinterisasi dan aglomerasi akibat kontaminasi abu biomassa. Penelitian ini menganalisis parameter hidrodinamika bed meliputi Archimedes Number (Ar), Reynolds minimum fluidization (Remf), dan kecepatan minimum fluidisasi (Umf) bersamaan dengan indeks-indeks kimia abu, seperti Ash Index (AI), Bed Index (BI), Agglomeration Alkali Index (AAI), Alkali/Silica ratio, Sintering Agglomeration Risk (SAR dan SART), serta parameter termal seperti PFR, TRF, CRI, dan FI. Data hasil pengamatan menunjukkan nilai Ar berada pada rentang 1,06×10⁶ – 1,27×10⁶, yang mengindikasikan karakteristik partikel pasir dominan berada pada regime fluidisasi stabil. Nilai Remf (177–197) dan Umf (1,04–1,08 m/s) memperkuat bahwa kondisi operasional boiler berada di kisaran fluidisasi yang aman. Indeks kimia menunjukkan AI (0,11–0,13) dan BI (0,08–0,09) tergolong rendah, menandakan risiko fouling dan slagging yang minimal. Rasio Alkali/Silika (0,15–0,19) masih berada dalam batas aman sehingga tidak memicu reaksi pembentukan silikat bertitik leleh rendah. Nilai AAI (0,116–0,151) serta SAR (0,86–1,12) menunjukkan bahwa potensi aglomerasi berada pada tingkat moderate, dipengaruhi oleh variasi kandungan alkali dalam fuel mix (bark, fiber, dan mixed biomass). Parameter termal TRF (0,02–0,29) dan CRI (0,31–0,42) memperlihatkan kecenderungan moderat terhadap pembentukan kerak pada temperatur tinggi, sedangkan FI (0,66–0,73) berada pada kategori stabil. Secara keseluruhan, hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa kondisi operasi fluidized bed boiler pada industri pulp & paper dalam penelitian ini stabil dan berada dalam rentang aman, dengan risiko sinterisasi dan aglomerasi tergolong moderate–rendah. Pengendalian ukuran pasir, pemantauan kontaminasi alkali, dan optimasi rasio fuel mix direkomendasikan untuk menjaga keandalan operasi jangka panjang.
PENGUJIAN MESIN PENCACAH KEMASAN AIR MINUM BEKAS
Mesin pencacah plastik merupakan mesin penghancur plastik menjadi ukuran yang lebih kecil. Banyaknya sampah plastik dilingkungan sekitar berdampak pada pencemaran lingkungan, adanya perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi pencemaran sampah plastik dapat dijadikan bahan baku daur ulang plastik. Menggunakan software Autodesk Inventor bertujuan untuk merancang mesin pencacah plastik secara spesifik , dalam penelitian dimulai dengan perencanaan untuk mengidentifikasi masalah sekaligus mengumpulkan data. Konsep produk untuk menentukan fungsi dan struktur keseluruhan yang digambarkan dengan blok diagram. mesin pencacah plastik menggunakan penggerak motor bensin yang dintransmisikan melalui pulley dan v-belt untuk memutarkan poros dan pisau pencacah. Agar mesin dapat beroprasi, motor bensin yang digunakan 5,5 HP, putaran poros motor (n) = 2500 rpm,. Proses pencacahan plastik pada mesin dilengkapi 5 buah mata pisau, dengan 3 pisau putar yang menempel pada poros dan 2 pisau diam yang berada pada bagian block mesin. Bahan pisau yang digunakan baja hss agar hasil dari proses pencacahan plastik sesuai dengan saringan yang berdiameter 12 mm. Dimensi keseluruhan mesin pencacah plastik, panjang 580 mm, lebar 600 mm, dan tinggi 1180 mm sehingga mudah diatur dalam penempatan karena tidak terlalu memakan ruangan.
A review of the cascade refrigeration system
This article presents a comprehensive literature review of the cascade refrigeration system (CRS), a crucial technology capable of reaching evaporation temperatures as low as -170°C while extending the operational range of conventional refrigeration systems. The discussion encompasses various CRS design configurations, refrigerant analyses, and system optimization efforts. Furthermore, the paper identifies the influence of specific parameters on system performance, economic analysis, and practical applications, concluding with recommendations for future research.
cascade refrigeration cycle; automatic cascade refrigeration system; refrigerant; absorption
SIFAT MEKANIK KOMPOSIT ARANG AKTIF BERBAHAN DASAR LIMBAH CANGKANG KEMIRI DAN RESIN EPOKSI
This study investigates the effect of weight fraction in an epoxy-based composite reinforced with candlenut shell charcoal powder on mechanical properties, specifically shear strength and flexural strength. The filler consisted of candlenut shell charcoal powder with a particle size of 841 to 1190 μm. The candlenut shell charcoal to epoxy matrix ratios were varied at 55:45 %wt, 60:40 %wt, 65:35 %wt, 70:30 %wt, 75:25 %wt, 80:20 %wt, and 85:15 %wt. Composite specimens were prepared by homogeneous mixing, molding, and followed by room-temperature curing before mechanical testing. Mechanical characterization was conducted through flexural and shear tests using a Universal Testing Machine (UTM) with appropriate fixtures for each test method. The results indicate that increasing the filler fraction tends to reduce the mechanical performance of the composites. The highest flexural strength was obtained at 55:45 %wt by 16.63 MPa, while the lowest value was recorded at 85:15 %wt by 4.88 MPa. The highest shear strength also occurred at 55:45 %wt by 8.87 MPa and reached the minimum at 80:20 %wt by approximately 1.65 MPa, with a sharp decrease observed at 70:30 %wt. Overall, the findings demonstrate that increasing the candlenut shell charcoal powder fraction decreases both flexural and shear strengths. This degradation at high filler loadings is associated with reduced epoxy wetting of particles, increased agglomeration and porosity, and weakened load transfer across the filler–matrix interface. These results suggest that the composite formulation requires an optimum filler fraction and careful control of mixing and molding processes to achieve more stable mechanical performance.
Tethered Hexacopter Spraying System: for Precision Agriculture
The implementation of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in the agricultural sector has undergone a paradigm shift from passive monitoring to active functional intervention. However, limited battery autonomy and flight instability induced by dynamic payload variations remain critical bottlenecks for large-scale industrial adoption. This paper presents a systematic review of the evolution of agricultural UAVs, focusing on the emergence of tethered hexacopter systems (TKT-6) as a robust solution for persistent, long-duration missions in complex topographies. We synthesize high-impact research (2021–2025) covering high-voltage power transmission, umbilical cable dynamics, and advanced control architectures. A primary emphasis is placed on the transition from conventional PID frameworks to adaptive-robust control strategies. Comparative analysis reveals that the synergy between Disturbance Observers (DOB) and Sliding Mode Control (SMC) significantly mitigates attitude errors and suppresses the "anchor effect" caused by tether tension. Our findings demonstrate that the TKT-6 system effectively maintains positioning precision below 0.2 m even under time-varying payload conditions, offering a transformative approach for precision spraying in steep-terrain orchards, such as mangosteen cultivation.
Roped Drone, Slosh Effect, Robust Control, Hexacopter.
STRUCTURAL AND DESIGN MODIFICATION OF A 1-TON CAPACITY MOVABLE LIFTING SYSTEM WITH ELECTRIC MOTOR DRIVE
This study investigates the structural and design modification of a 1-ton capacity movable goods lift that was originally operated using a manual hand winch system. The conventional system exhibited several limitations, including high operator effort, insufficient safety features, and inadequate structural stability, which increased the risk of occupational accidents. To overcome these limitations, the lift system was modified by integrating a DC electric motor as the primary drive unit, reinforcing the frame structure with foldable support legs to enhance stability, and incorporating an emergency braking mechanism (spring knife) to improve operational safety. The research methodology included mechanical design, structural analysis, and static load simulation using engineering simulation software. The simulation results indicate that the modified structure provides more uniform load distribution, reduced deformation, and Von Mises stress values that remain within the allowable limits of the material. These findings demonstrate that the proposed modification significantly improves efficiency, safety, and ease of operation. Therefore, the modified movable lift is suitable for practical implementation in workshops, warehouses, and laboratory environments.
STUDI KELAYAKAN SISTEM PENYALUR PETIR PADA TANGKI LPG 20.000 kg DI AREA CATERPILLAR INDUSTRIES BATAM
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa kelayakan dan keharusan pemasangan sistem penyalur petir pada tangki LPG berkapasitas 20.000 kg yang berlokasi di Area Caterpillar Industries Batam. Analisis dilakukan berdasarkan standar IEC 62305, dan NFPA 780 dengan mempertimbangkan karakteristik petir tropis diwilayah Batam yang memiliki hari guruh mencapai 150 – 180 hari pertahun. Metode yang digunakan meliputi penilaian resiko berdasarkan SNI IEC 62305-2, penentuan Lightning Protection Level (LPL) dan perancangan proteksi menggunakan metode Rolling Sphere. Hasil perhitungan menunjukkan bahwa nilai resiko total (<!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>R</m:r><m:r>=5,1 × </m:r><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSupPr><m:e><m:r>10</m:r></m:e><m:sup><m:r>-3</m:r></m:sup></m:sSup><m:r>)</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <!-- [if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/> </v:formulas> <v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/> <o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:73.8pt; height:12pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/lenov/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.png" o:title="" chromakey="white"/> </v:shape><![endif]--> jauh melebihi nilai toleransi resiko <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>(</m:r><m:r>RT</m:r><m:r>=</m:r><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSupPr><m:e><m:r>10</m:r></m:e><m:sup><m:r>-5</m:r></m:sup></m:sSup><m:r>)</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <!-- [if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:54.6pt;height:12pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/lenov/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.png" o:title="" chromakey="white"/> </v:shape><![endif]--> , sehingga sistem instalasi penyalur petir dengan tingkat proteksi tertinggi (LPL I) bersifat wajib. Sistem proteksi yang dirancang mencakup pemilihan air unit, down conductor, earth termination systems, Surge Protective Device dan Equipotential Bounding.
OPTIMALSASI EFISIENSI ENERGI MELALUI REVITALISASI SISTEM PENCAHAYAAN DI PLTP KARAHA MENGGUNAKAN TEKNOLOGI LED
Sistem pencahayaan pada fasilitas industri pembangkit panas bumi memiliki kontribusi besar terhadap konsumsi energi listrik total. Pada PLTP Karaha, penggunaan lampu konvensional seperti HPS dan TL masih menimbulkan inefisiensi energi serta biaya operasional tinggi. Kondisi ini mendorong perlunya revitalisasi sistem pencahayaan dengan teknologi yang lebih hemat energi dan sesuai dengan standar SNI 6197:2011. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengoptimalkan efisiensi energi melalui penerapan teknologi Light Emitting Diode (LED) pada sistem pencahayaan industri. Pendekatan penelitian bersifat eksperimental-kuantitatif, dimulai dengan observasi lapangan, pengumpulan data teknis (daya, jam operasi, dan intensitas cahaya), analisis kondisi eksisting, serta perancangan sistem LED baru berdasarkan kebutuhan iluminansi dan efisiensi. Analisis komparatif dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi kinerja energi, kualitas pencahayaan, serta aspek ekonomi antara sistem eksisting dan sistem LED. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan penurunan total daya dari 37,94 kW menjadi 21,42 kW, dengan peningkatan efikasi rata-rata dari 70 lm/W menjadi 132 lm/W. Sistem LED menghasilkan penghematan energi sebesar 43,5% dan penghematan biaya tahunan sekitar Rp 122.981.356, dengan estimasi payback period selama 2,3 tahun. Hasil ini membuktikan bahwa penerapan sistem pencahayaan LED dapat meningkatkan efisiensi energi, memperbaiki kualitas pencahayaan, serta memberikan dampak ekonomi dan lingkungan yang positif.
Efisiensi Energi, Revitalisasi Sistem Pencahayaan, Teknologi LED, Penghematan Biaya, Konsumsi Daya.
THE EFFECT OF ALTITUDE AND SPEED OF QUADCOPTER DRONES ON THE ACCURACY OF WEATHER DATA MEASUREMENTS BASED ON ANEMOMETER SENSORS
The use of drones as a weather monitoring system has seen significant progress, particularly in reaching difficult-to-access areas and collecting real-time atmospheric data. This study aims to analyze the effect of variations in drone altitude and flight speed on the accuracy of weather parameter measurements, such as temperature and wind speed, using an anemometer sensor. The experiment was conducted in an area located approximately 1,800 meters above sea level, by flying a quadcopter drone at altitudes of 50 m, 100 m, and 150 m above ground level. The results show that variations in flight speed affect the stability of wind measurements, while temperature shows high stability at various altitudes. This study confirms the potential of using UAVs to support direct weather observation systems as part of efficient disaster mitigation.
Copyright (c) 2025 ITP Press https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
FAILURE ANALYSIS OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMP (OVERHUNG 212–P17) USING FMEA METHOD AT PT KILANG PERTAMINA INTERNASIONAL RU II DUMAI
Centrifugal pumps are essential components in refinery processing systems, including those at PT Kilang Pertamina Internasional RU II Dumai. One of the pumps in operation, the overhung type 212–P17, has experienced a jammed condition affecting its performance. This study aims to analyze the potential failure modes of the pump components using the Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) method and to determine corrective action priorities based on the Risk Priority Number (RPN). The analysis focused on four key factors: material integrity, shaft alignment, lubrication condition, and clearance. The results indicate that shaft misalignment had the highest RPN of 324, followed by lubrication failure with an RPN of 160. These findings suggest that corrective measures should prioritize shaft realignment and lubrication management. The FMEA approach has proven effective in identifying critical components and structuring a preventive maintenance strategy to enhance the operational reliability of the pump system.
Pompa Sentrifugal, FMEA, Overhung, RPN, Ketidaksejajaran Poros, Pelumasan.
This study aims to develop and analyze the performance of a hexacopter control system used in weather modification technology missions. Several control methods are applied, including PID, Fuzzy Mamdani, Fuzzy Sugeno, and Model Reference Adaptive Control (MRAC). The tests are conducted through simulations in MATLAB Simulink and Mission Planner, using step response parameters such as delay time, rise time, peak time, settling time, overshoot, and steady-state error as performance benchmarks. The results indicate that MRAC provides the most balanced performance in terms of speed and accuracy, Fuzzy Sugeno excels in response speed, while PID and Fuzzy Mamdani offer high stability.
LEAD ACID BATTERY DISCHARGING PROTECTION SYSTEM MANAGEMENT COULOMB COUNTING METHOD
Knowing the battery SoC is important in battery usage, especially in renewable energy systems, electric vehicles, portable electronic devices, and other applications that use batteries as a power source. By knowing the battery SoC, users can manage battery usage, estimate the remaining time before needing to recharge or replace it. The BMS must ensure an efficient way for charging and discharging procedures. In addition, the BMS must maintain the proper SOC so that battery life can be maximized. In this study, a BMS designed for discharging protection on a battery as an energy storage that works to provide electrical energy to an electric load in the form of an electric vehicle, in carrying out its duties the BMS controls the electrical voltage limit to turn off the active switch on the load. The battery used is a Lead-Acid 12 V / 7.2 Ah, the C-rate used to serve the load of the battery discharging process is 0.15 C then the estimated battery capacity in an empty state is 6.4 Ah (SoC = 0%). The results of the study showed that the battery discharged for 6 hours and the cut-off voltage as protection was 10.6 Volts.
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A PALLETIZING AUTOMATION SYSTEM USING AN OBJECT-ORIENTED INDUSTRIAL PROGRAMMING MODEL
The increasing demand for electrical energy in Indonesia encourages the availability of a reliable, efficient and stable power distribution system, especially in maintaining voltage quality during the transmission to distribution process. One of the main challenges in the distribution system is the occurrence of voltage drops which if not controlled can reduce energy efficiency and damage electrical equipment. In overcoming these problems, this research applies the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) method based on the backpropagation algorithm as an alternative approach in analyzing and predicting voltage drops in power distribution networks. Simulations were conducted using MATLAB R2024b software with input variables in the form of voltage, power factor, conductor length and diameter, cable type resistance, reactance, and load current. Meanwhile, the output variable analyzed is voltage drop. The simulation results show that the ANN model has a high predictive ability indicated by the Mean Square Error (MSE) value of 0.012743, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 0.11289, Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 0.033586, and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 6.4292 %. This low error value indicates that the ANN is able to recognize complex patterns between input variables and provide adaptive responses to various variations in distribution system conditions so that the application of ANN using the backpropagation algorithm proves effective and efficient as a tool in supporting the technical decision-making process.
EVALUASI KOMPARATIF GRADASI AGREGAT DALAM CAMPURAN PANAS ASPAL AGREGAT (AC-WC) DENGAN UJI MARSHALL
Perkembangan infrastruktur jalan yang pesat memerlukan perhatian khusus terhadap kualitas material yang digunakan dalam konstruksi, salah satunya adalah material agregat yang digunakan dalam campuran aspal. Agregat merupakan komponen utama dalam campuran aspal panas yang berfungsi untuk memberikan kekuatan dan ketahanan pada lapisan perkerasan jalan yang terdiri dari campuran aspal keras dan agregat yang mempunyai gradasi menerus, dicampur, dihampar dan dipadatkan pada suhu tertentu. Oleh karena itu, karakteristik dasar material agregat sangat penting untuk menentukan kualitas dan daya tahan campuran aspal yang digunakan dalam proyek jalan raya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi karakteristik dasar material agregat yang digunakan dalam campuran panas baik dari segi fisik maupun mekaniknya serta membandingkan kadar aspal optimum yang diperoleh dari Quary Air Dingin yang terletak di Alahan Panjang dan Quary Aripan yang terletak di Kota Solok. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah membuat sampel dari masing-masing Quary dan melakukan pengujian ini dengan Marshall Test. Dari hasil penelitian ini didapatkan hasil bahwa nilai kadar aspal optimum untuk Quary Aripan adalah 5,80%, dan nilai kadar aspal optimum Quary Air Dingin 5,70%. Maka disarankan kepada penyedia jasa untuk sebaik mungkin yang memenuhi spesifikasi adalah Quary Air Dingin dengan kadar aspal optimum.
Gardu Induk, Double breaker double busbar, Keandalan, Kontingensi N-1, Stabilitas Tegangan, Aliran Daya
THE EFFECT OF AGGREGATE GRADATION ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF AC-WC HOT ASPHALT MIXTURE BASED ON MARSHALL TESTING
The development of quality road infrastructure is a key factor in supporting economic growth and inter-regional connectivity. This study aims to analyze the basic characteristics of aggregates and the effect of variations in size and distribution of aggregates on the performance of hot asphalt mixes. Fine and coarse aggregate samples were obtained from two quarry locations, namely Batang Atokan (Pasaman) and Gunung Nago (Padang), by testing using the Marshall method. The results showed that the aggregate from Sungai Atokan Quarry had the highest maximum stability of 1440.99 kg at 5% asphalt content, and showed the highest Marshall Quotient (MQ) value of 371.66 kg/mm. In contrast, Gunung Nago Quarry achieved the highest stability of 1211.93 kg at 7% asphalt content, but experienced a decrease in the VIM value below the specification limit at high asphalt content, indicating a risk of bleeding. The optimum asphalt content value for each quarry was 6.5% for Sungai Atokan and 6.0% for Gunung Nago. Comparative analysis shows that the mixture from the Atokan River Quarry is stiffer, more resistant to deformation, and suitable for heavy traffic, while the mixture from Mount Nago is more plastic and sensitive to excess asphalt content. The results of this study are expected to serve as a technical reference in aggregate selection and hot asphalt mix planning to improve road pavement quality in West Sumatra.
REVIEW OF SOLAR ADSORPTION COOLING SYSTEM
The primary aim of this paper is to offer key insights into solar energy and waste heat adsorption cooling systems, as well as to present a helpful approach concerning the design aspects of the adsorbent bed utilized in adsorption cooling. In recent decades, solar-powered water purifiers have primarily been utilized for heating water in residential settings. In contrast, solar cooling systems have mainly been designed for demonstration purposes. It indicates that absorption cooling systems are better suited for large buildings, while adsorption cooling systems show greater promise for smaller air conditioning units. It is advised to plan solar-powered systems in public facilities. Highly efficient heat pumps are regarded as the best supplementary heat providers since they can operate independently of weather conditions.
THE EFFECT OF ADDING GLASS FILM TO THE SURFACE OF A SOLAR PANEL ON EFFICIENCY AND POWER
This study is an experimental research that investigates the effect of varying solar panel tilt angles (180°, 15°, 30°) and adding an 80% darkness level glass film layer on power and efficiency. The study compares the results with and without the glass film for each tilt angle. The research methodology employed includes literature review and experimental development. The literature review provides a foundation for understanding the fundamental theories of solar panels, their working principles, and the impact of tilt angle on power and electrical efficiency. The results indicate that the tilt angle of solar panels significantly affects power and efficiency. The solar radiation received per unit area for each tilt angle (180°, 30°, 15°) is 920.3 W/m², 1002 W/m², and 1092.5 W/m² at 10:00 WIB, respectively, with the highest radiation observed at a 15° tilt angle. The power input to the solar panel without glass film for each tilt angle (180°, 30°, 15°) is 635 watts, 691.38 watts, and 753.82 watts at 10:00 WIB, respectively, with the highest power recorded at a 15° tilt angle. The efficiency of the solar panel without glass film for each tilt angle (180°, 30°, 15°) is 50.29%, 46.96%, and 53.46% at 14:00 WIB, respectively, with the highest efficiency achieved at a 15° tilt angle
ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF GAS SEPARATOR SENSITIVITY ON ESP PUMP OPTIMIZATION IN HANDLING GAS LOCK IN GASSY WELLS USING PROSPER V11 SOFTWARE SIMULATOR
Gas lock is defined as a fluid flow problem where the flow is blocked by a gas phase, inhibiting the production flow rate. This occurs due to the release of free gas in oil with a high gas-oil ratio (GOR). This condition arises when the pump intake pressure (PIP) or fluid over pump (FOP) is lower than the bubble point pressure (Pb) of the oil. Initial indications of free gas formation can be observed from erratic amp-chart readings, high annulus pressure, and the pump operating below its efficiency. To address gas lock issues in ESP pumps, additional equipment such as a gas separator can be installed below the surface, and PIP should be maintained above the Pb. The installation of a gas separator in the pump helps reduce the entry of free gas into the pump, while free gas is discharged into the annulus casing. In this thesis, the researcher uses a case study on a producing well with high GOR values of 100 mscf/day, a design rate of 850 BFPD, and a pump intake pressure (PIP) higher than the well's bubble point pressure (Pb) at 150 psi. Based on data processing using Prosper V11 software, the ESP pump in well Y was replaced from a REDA DN1300 to a REDA DN1100, resulting in a gas separator sensitivity value of 89%. The best pump efficiency achieved was 62%, and the optimal production rate obtained was 1330 RB/day.
PENGUKURAN KETELITIAN GEOMETRI MESIN BUBUT BV20L-1 BERDASARKAN STANDAR ISO 1708
Ketelitian geometrik mesin bubut merupakan salah satu faktor penting yang menentukan kualitas hasil pemesinan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi kondisi geometrik mesin bubut BV20L-1 berdasarkan standar ISO 1708 melalui pengujian kerataan alas mesin (G1), kesejajaran gerak eretan terhadap sumbu spindle (G2), ketegaklurusan gerak eretan melintang (G3), run-out spindle arah radial dan aksial (G4), serta pengukuran pada spindle utama (G5). Metode penelitian dilakukan dengan pengukuran langsung menggunakan alat ukur presisi dan setiap pengujian dilakukan sebanyak tiga kali untuk memperoleh hasil yang lebih akurat. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa kerataan alas mesin masih berada pada kondisi yang relatif baik meskipun terdapat penyimpangan pada beberapa titik pengukuran. Kesejajaran gerak eretan terhadap sumbu spindle memiliki penyimpangan maksimum sebesar 0,013 mm pada arah horizontal dan 0,011 mm pada arah vertikal. Pengukuran ketelitian spindle utama menghasilkan rata-rata penyimpangan sebesar 0,00967 mm, sedangkan nilai run-out spindle maksimum sebesar 0,0025 mm. Pengukuran pada spindle utama menunjukkan rata-rata penyimpangan sebesar 0,0093 mm. Seluruh hasil pengujian masih berada dalam batas toleransi yang diperkenankan oleh standar ISO 1708. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa mesin bubut BV20L-1 masih memiliki kondisi geometrik yang baik dan layak digunakan untuk proses pembubutan dengan tingkat ketelitian yang memadai. Perawatan dan kalibrasi berkala tetap diperlukan untuk menjaga kinerja dan akurasi mesin dalam jangka panjang.
INCREASED PROPERTIES OF VITRIFIED GLASS-CERAMICS FLY ASH WITH THE ADDITION OF 30 WT.% ALUMINUM SILICATE AND SINTERING TEMPERATURE
This study investigates the effects of adding 30 wt.% aluminum silicate and varying sintering temperatures on the density and hardness of vitrified fly ash glass ceramics. Fly ash, a waste by product from coal combustion at the Suralaya thermal power plant has long posed environmental challenges. To mitigate these impacts, this research explores its utilization in producing glass ceramics. The samples were prepared as cylindrical samples with a diameter of 15 mm and thickness of 5 mm, and were fabricated using uniaxial pressing at 120 MPa. The samples were sintered at 1050, 1100, and 1150 °C with a heating rate of 5 °C/min. Experimental results reveal that adding 30 wt.% AS significantly improves the density from 2.31 to 2.51 g/cm³ and hardness from 443 to 2418.55 MPa compared to 100 wt.% fly ash. Optimal density and hardness were achieved at a sintering temperature of 1150 °C.
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THE EFFECT OF VARIATIONS OF CaCo3 ON ACTIVATED CHARCOAL IN THE PACK CARBURIZING PROCESS ON INCREASING THE HARDNESS OF LOW CARBON STEEL VIEWED FROM MICRO STRUCTURE AND HARDNESS
Because of its soft, ductile and easy-to-work nature, steel is widely used as a material in making a product. To obtain hard properties on the surface and remain soft at the core, a surface hardening process is carried out, so that the product can function according to its design objectives. One way to do this surface hardening is with solid carbon media or pack carburizing. To carry out this carburizing process, a furnace is required that is designed to be heat resistant and easy to operate. safe with coal fuel. for the furnace tester that has been designed, testing was carried out on low carbon steel using 1000 grams of activated charcoal carburization media with variations: 200 grams, 100 grams, 66.7 grams of Calcium carbonate (CaCo3) at a heating temperature of 950 0C and a holding time of 4 hours. Then continued with the quenching process. The test results show that the test material with a composition of 1000 grams of activated charcoal with 200 grams of calcium carbonate is better with the addition of carbon elements so that when quenching is carried out, a martensite microstructure is formed.
Composition of activated charcoal and CaCo3
NUMERICAL STUDY OF 3D FLOW INTERACTION OF AIRFOIL AND FLAT PLATE
The effect of secondary flows in the wing-body configuration on aircraft—that is, the presence of wingtip-vortex on the tip region and the creation of multiple elements of the vortex flow on the endwall region—is the basis for studies of the existence of these secondary flow structures. These two factors combined will obstruct the main flow. The presence of this blocking effect will have an impact on the lift and drag aerodynamics, which directly impacts the wing's efficacy and efficiency. The saddle point's position shifting toward the pressure side is a phenomenon that can be seen in the endwall area. On the other hand, the area of maximum pressure on the lower surface travels towards the press side, and the movement of the minimum pressure point on the upper surface is found to be closer to the leading edge based on the isobar contour. The study will be carried out experimentally on a flat plate model with a wing shape change with an angle of attack variation (α) = 0o.
STUDY OF DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER INTERRUPTION ON 20 KV DISTRIBUTION NETWORK AT PT PLN (PERSERO) RAYON NATAR
The use of distribution transformers has a very important role in the distribution of electrical energy in a distribution system. The transformer used must be maintained properly so that its reliability is maintained stable, so as to avoid the form of interference. If a disturbance occurs, it will result in a break in the continuity of electricity distribution to consumers and also losses for consumers and PLN itself. Some disturbances that often occur are due to overloads, unbalanced loads, lightning strikes and internal disturbances in the transformer (disturbances originating from the transformer itself). Through this research, a case study will be taken on the 20 kV distribution network at PT PLN (Persero) Rayon Natar. Keywords : Distribution System, Transformer, PLN, Rayon Natar
DESIGN OF A HEXACOPTER CONTROL SYSTEM USING FUZZY LOGIC CONTROL
The development of hexacopters has progressed significantly in both hardware and software, leading to increased complexity. Despite these advancements, several challenges remain. The nonlinear, multivariable, and dynamic nature of hexacopter systems often results in flight instability, suboptimal precision in movements, and reduced flight duration. To address these issues, this study proposes the implementation of a fuzzy logic control (FLC) system to enhance the performance and stability of hexacopters during flight. The control system aims to minimize rise time, settling time, and overshoot. The research methodology involves developing a mathematical model of the open-loop system using the System Identification Toolbox in MATLAB, optimizing PID values through the PID Tuner, and designing the fuzzy control system based on error and delta error. The open-loop system demonstrates performance metrics of rise time (Tr) 4.60 s, delay time (Td) 2.76 s, peak time (Tp) 6.50 s, settling time (Ts) 5.91 s, and overshoot (Mp) 1.29%. With PID control, the performance improves to rise time (Tr) 3.24 s, delay time (Td) 1.85 s, peak time (Tp) 10.00 s, settling time (Ts) 9.55 s, and overshoot (Mp) 0%. Furthermore, the fuzzy logic controller achieves superior results with rise time (Tr) 3.19 s, delay time (Td) 1.53 s, peak time (Tp) 4.64 s, settling time (Ts) 3.37 s, and overshoot (Mp) 0%.
ENHANCING VOLTAGE STABILITY AND ENERGY OUTPUT OF PLTM SALIDO IN THE PLN DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
Distributed generation (DG) integration in PLN’s extended distribution network often encounters voltage instability issues due to high voltage drops. These challenges restrict power delivery and can lead to disconnection, particularly during peak load conditions. This study investigates methods to enhance voltage stability and optimize the energy output of PLTM Salido. Using ETAP Power Station software, various operational schemes were simulated to address the problem of low terminal voltage. The study focused on the impact of reactive power injection and governor settings optimization to maintain generator performance under high demand. Results indicate that reactive power injection significantly improves terminal voltage, ensuring continuous power delivery. Adding a third generator unit further increased energy supply capacity, leveraging the full potential of available hydropower. The optimized operation of PLTM Salido with two generators increased daily energy output by 32.2%, while introducing a third generator boosted energy delivery by 107%. This research highlights the critical role of reactive power management and system configuration in enhancing the performance of small-scale hydropower plants in rural distribution networks.
MAKING HOLLOW PAVING BLOCKS USING UNIFORMLY GRADED AGGREGATE
Pervious paving blocks are type of concrete brick (paving block) that is designed with pervious or gaps in the interior which become water absorption pathway into the soil, thereby helping reduce waterlongging and supporting a natural drainage system. This research aims to obtain compressive strength values and maximize the infiltration rates of perforated paving bocks using uniformly graded aggregates. The coarse aggregate used is split sizes 2-10 mm 1nd 10-20 mm with a mixture ratio of 1 Pc : 2 Split, 1 Pc : 3 Split, and 1 Pc : 4 Split. The paving block test object uses a rectangular mold with dimensions of 20 cm x 10 cm x 6 cm. Tests carried out on paving block test specimens were compressive strength and infiltration rate at the age of the test object of 28 days. Test results for compressive strength and infiltration rate of paving block specimens using a 5-10 mm split for a ratio of 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4 respectively, the compressive strength was 14.50 MPa; 8.17 MPa; 5.33 MPa, and an infiltration rate of 3.16 mm/s; 6.15 mm/s; 8,61 mm/sec, and using a split 0f 10-20 mm for a ratio of 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4 respectively, the compressive strength is 21.83 MPa; 10.87 MPa, 7.30 MPa, and an infiltration rate of 4.04 mm/s; 7.18 mm/s; 10.04 mm/sec. Using a larger uniformly graded aggregate size can increase the compressive strength and maximize the infiltration rate of paving block. The mixture ratio using more uniformly graded aggregate can increase the infiltration rate but decrease the compressive strength of the paving block. Keywords: Compressive Strength, Infiltration Rate, Hollow Paving Blocks, Uniformly Graded Aggregate, Mix Ratio, Continuous Drainage
GUIDANCE IN QUALITY PAVING BLOCK PRODUCTION AT SMALL INDUSTRY UD. SAFIRA TARASO
Small industry UD. Safira Taraso produces paving blocks with various types and types of compressive strength, the most ordered by consumers are the quality of K-250 kg / cm2 and K-225 kg / cm2. Good quality paving blocks have a compressive strength value according to plan and are less than 10% of the absorption value according to SNI 03 - 0691 - 1996. The compressive strength test of paving blocks produced by UD Safira Taraso obtained 139.4 kg / cm2 (11.57 mpa) for the quality of K-225 kg / cm2 and a compressive strength value of 140.6 kg / cm2` (11.67 mpa) for K-250 kg / cm2. Paving block material consists of a mixture of cement, sand, crushed stone, stone ash and water. This material is obtained from the industry and standard testing is carried out in the Teknologi Beton laboratory of Bung Hatta University. This PKM aims to provide assistance and training in the production of paving blocks from the results of the mixture design in the laboratory for the two compressive strengths above. The K250 kg/cm2 mixture design obtained 103 paving blocks with materials of 1 sack of cement, 30.7 kg of sand, 62.1 kg of crushed stone, 63.6 kg of fly ash and 22.3 liters of water. The K225 kg/cm2 mixture design obtained 117 paving blocks with materials of 1 sack of cement, 64 kg of sand, 34 kg of crushed stone, 66.8 kg of fly ash and 28 liters of water. The results of the material mixture design obtained were carried out training and mentoring at the small industry UD. Safira Taraso. Keywords: Pavingblock, Mentoring, Compressive Strength, K225, K250