Journal of Technology and Vocational Studies
Welcome to the Jurnal Teknologi dan Vokasi The Editor of the Jurnal Teknologi dan Vokasi (JTV) of the Faculty of Vocational Studies, Padang Technology Institute invites Researchers, Academics, Practitioners and Professionals to contribute their writings, in the fields of: Electrical Power System Electronic Signaling System New Renewable Energy Energy Engineering and Management Electrical Installation Engineering Building Construction Engineering Transportation construction Manufacture Material Energy convertion both in the form of research results and literature reviews that have never been published before in other media. Jurnal Teknologi dan Vokasi is a national journal managed by the Vocational Faculty of the Institut Teknologi Padang and published by ITP Press, 2 (two) times a year in January and July. This journal is available in print and electronically and can be accessed online and can be downloaded for free (Open Access). Abstracting/ Indexing by Crossref, Google Scholar, Microsoft Academic, IOS (Indonesia OneSearch), Garuda (Garba Rujukan Digital), DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals). ISSN 2964-3694 (Online - Elektronik) ISSN 2985-8690 (Media Cetak) DOI: https://doi.org/10.21063/jtv
THE EFFECT OF ALTITUDE AND SPEED OF QUADCOPTER DRONES ON THE ACCURACY OF WEATHER DATA MEASUREMENTS BASED ON ANEMOMETER SENSORS
The use of drones as a weather monitoring system has seen significant progress, particularly in reaching difficult-to-access areas and collecting real-time atmospheric data. This study aims to analyze the effect of variations in drone altitude and flight speed on the accuracy of weather parameter measurements, such as temperature and wind speed, using an anemometer sensor. The experiment was conducted in an area located approximately 1,800 meters above sea level, by flying a quadcopter drone at altitudes of 50 m, 100 m, and 150 m above ground level. The results show that variations in flight speed affect the stability of wind measurements, while temperature shows high stability at various altitudes. This study confirms the potential of using UAVs to support direct weather observation systems as part of efficient disaster mitigation.
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FAILURE ANALYSIS OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMP (OVERHUNG 212–P17) USING FMEA METHOD AT PT KILANG PERTAMINA INTERNASIONAL RU II DUMAI
Centrifugal pumps are essential components in refinery processing systems, including those at PT Kilang Pertamina Internasional RU II Dumai. One of the pumps in operation, the overhung type 212–P17, has experienced a jammed condition affecting its performance. This study aims to analyze the potential failure modes of the pump components using the Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) method and to determine corrective action priorities based on the Risk Priority Number (RPN). The analysis focused on four key factors: material integrity, shaft alignment, lubrication condition, and clearance. The results indicate that shaft misalignment had the highest RPN of 324, followed by lubrication failure with an RPN of 160. These findings suggest that corrective measures should prioritize shaft realignment and lubrication management. The FMEA approach has proven effective in identifying critical components and structuring a preventive maintenance strategy to enhance the operational reliability of the pump system.
Pompa Sentrifugal, FMEA, Overhung, RPN, Ketidaksejajaran Poros, Pelumasan.
This study aims to develop and analyze the performance of a hexacopter control system used in weather modification technology missions. Several control methods are applied, including PID, Fuzzy Mamdani, Fuzzy Sugeno, and Model Reference Adaptive Control (MRAC). The tests are conducted through simulations in MATLAB Simulink and Mission Planner, using step response parameters such as delay time, rise time, peak time, settling time, overshoot, and steady-state error as performance benchmarks. The results indicate that MRAC provides the most balanced performance in terms of speed and accuracy, Fuzzy Sugeno excels in response speed, while PID and Fuzzy Mamdani offer high stability.
LEAD ACID BATTERY DISCHARGING PROTECTION SYSTEM MANAGEMENT COULOMB COUNTING METHOD
Knowing the battery SoC is important in battery usage, especially in renewable energy systems, electric vehicles, portable electronic devices, and other applications that use batteries as a power source. By knowing the battery SoC, users can manage battery usage, estimate the remaining time before needing to recharge or replace it. The BMS must ensure an efficient way for charging and discharging procedures. In addition, the BMS must maintain the proper SOC so that battery life can be maximized. In this study, a BMS designed for discharging protection on a battery as an energy storage that works to provide electrical energy to an electric load in the form of an electric vehicle, in carrying out its duties the BMS controls the electrical voltage limit to turn off the active switch on the load. The battery used is a Lead-Acid 12 V / 7.2 Ah, the C-rate used to serve the load of the battery discharging process is 0.15 C then the estimated battery capacity in an empty state is 6.4 Ah (SoC = 0%). The results of the study showed that the battery discharged for 6 hours and the cut-off voltage as protection was 10.6 Volts.
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A PALLETIZING AUTOMATION SYSTEM USING AN OBJECT-ORIENTED INDUSTRIAL PROGRAMMING MODEL
The increasing demand for electrical energy in Indonesia encourages the availability of a reliable, efficient and stable power distribution system, especially in maintaining voltage quality during the transmission to distribution process. One of the main challenges in the distribution system is the occurrence of voltage drops which if not controlled can reduce energy efficiency and damage electrical equipment. In overcoming these problems, this research applies the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) method based on the backpropagation algorithm as an alternative approach in analyzing and predicting voltage drops in power distribution networks. Simulations were conducted using MATLAB R2024b software with input variables in the form of voltage, power factor, conductor length and diameter, cable type resistance, reactance, and load current. Meanwhile, the output variable analyzed is voltage drop. The simulation results show that the ANN model has a high predictive ability indicated by the Mean Square Error (MSE) value of 0.012743, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 0.11289, Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 0.033586, and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 6.4292 %. This low error value indicates that the ANN is able to recognize complex patterns between input variables and provide adaptive responses to various variations in distribution system conditions so that the application of ANN using the backpropagation algorithm proves effective and efficient as a tool in supporting the technical decision-making process.
THE EFFECT OF AGGREGATE GRADATION ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF AC-WC HOT ASPHALT MIXTURE BASED ON MARSHALL TESTING
The development of quality road infrastructure is a key factor in supporting economic growth and inter-regional connectivity. This study aims to analyze the basic characteristics of aggregates and the effect of variations in size and distribution of aggregates on the performance of hot asphalt mixes. Fine and coarse aggregate samples were obtained from two quarry locations, namely Batang Atokan (Pasaman) and Gunung Nago (Padang), by testing using the Marshall method. The results showed that the aggregate from Sungai Atokan Quarry had the highest maximum stability of 1440.99 kg at 5% asphalt content, and showed the highest Marshall Quotient (MQ) value of 371.66 kg/mm. In contrast, Gunung Nago Quarry achieved the highest stability of 1211.93 kg at 7% asphalt content, but experienced a decrease in the VIM value below the specification limit at high asphalt content, indicating a risk of bleeding. The optimum asphalt content value for each quarry was 6.5% for Sungai Atokan and 6.0% for Gunung Nago. Comparative analysis shows that the mixture from the Atokan River Quarry is stiffer, more resistant to deformation, and suitable for heavy traffic, while the mixture from Mount Nago is more plastic and sensitive to excess asphalt content. The results of this study are expected to serve as a technical reference in aggregate selection and hot asphalt mix planning to improve road pavement quality in West Sumatra.
REVIEW OF SOLAR ADSORPTION COOLING SYSTEM
The primary aim of this paper is to offer key insights into solar energy and waste heat adsorption cooling systems, as well as to present a helpful approach concerning the design aspects of the adsorbent bed utilized in adsorption cooling. In recent decades, solar-powered water purifiers have primarily been utilized for heating water in residential settings. In contrast, solar cooling systems have mainly been designed for demonstration purposes. It indicates that absorption cooling systems are better suited for large buildings, while adsorption cooling systems show greater promise for smaller air conditioning units. It is advised to plan solar-powered systems in public facilities. Highly efficient heat pumps are regarded as the best supplementary heat providers since they can operate independently of weather conditions.
THE EFFECT OF ADDING GLASS FILM TO THE SURFACE OF A SOLAR PANEL ON EFFICIENCY AND POWER
This study is an experimental research that investigates the effect of varying solar panel tilt angles (180°, 15°, 30°) and adding an 80% darkness level glass film layer on power and efficiency. The study compares the results with and without the glass film for each tilt angle. The research methodology employed includes literature review and experimental development. The literature review provides a foundation for understanding the fundamental theories of solar panels, their working principles, and the impact of tilt angle on power and electrical efficiency. The results indicate that the tilt angle of solar panels significantly affects power and efficiency. The solar radiation received per unit area for each tilt angle (180°, 30°, 15°) is 920.3 W/m², 1002 W/m², and 1092.5 W/m² at 10:00 WIB, respectively, with the highest radiation observed at a 15° tilt angle. The power input to the solar panel without glass film for each tilt angle (180°, 30°, 15°) is 635 watts, 691.38 watts, and 753.82 watts at 10:00 WIB, respectively, with the highest power recorded at a 15° tilt angle. The efficiency of the solar panel without glass film for each tilt angle (180°, 30°, 15°) is 50.29%, 46.96%, and 53.46% at 14:00 WIB, respectively, with the highest efficiency achieved at a 15° tilt angle
ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF GAS SEPARATOR SENSITIVITY ON ESP PUMP OPTIMIZATION IN HANDLING GAS LOCK IN GASSY WELLS USING PROSPER V11 SOFTWARE SIMULATOR
Gas lock is defined as a fluid flow problem where the flow is blocked by a gas phase, inhibiting the production flow rate. This occurs due to the release of free gas in oil with a high gas-oil ratio (GOR). This condition arises when the pump intake pressure (PIP) or fluid over pump (FOP) is lower than the bubble point pressure (Pb) of the oil. Initial indications of free gas formation can be observed from erratic amp-chart readings, high annulus pressure, and the pump operating below its efficiency. To address gas lock issues in ESP pumps, additional equipment such as a gas separator can be installed below the surface, and PIP should be maintained above the Pb. The installation of a gas separator in the pump helps reduce the entry of free gas into the pump, while free gas is discharged into the annulus casing. In this thesis, the researcher uses a case study on a producing well with high GOR values of 100 mscf/day, a design rate of 850 BFPD, and a pump intake pressure (PIP) higher than the well's bubble point pressure (Pb) at 150 psi. Based on data processing using Prosper V11 software, the ESP pump in well Y was replaced from a REDA DN1300 to a REDA DN1100, resulting in a gas separator sensitivity value of 89%. The best pump efficiency achieved was 62%, and the optimal production rate obtained was 1330 RB/day.
INCREASED PROPERTIES OF VITRIFIED GLASS-CERAMICS FLY ASH WITH THE ADDITION OF 30 WT.% ALUMINUM SILICATE AND SINTERING TEMPERATURE
This study investigates the effects of adding 30 wt.% aluminum silicate and varying sintering temperatures on the density and hardness of vitrified fly ash glass ceramics. Fly ash, a waste by product from coal combustion at the Suralaya thermal power plant has long posed environmental challenges. To mitigate these impacts, this research explores its utilization in producing glass ceramics. The samples were prepared as cylindrical samples with a diameter of 15 mm and thickness of 5 mm, and were fabricated using uniaxial pressing at 120 MPa. The samples were sintered at 1050, 1100, and 1150 °C with a heating rate of 5 °C/min. Experimental results reveal that adding 30 wt.% AS significantly improves the density from 2.31 to 2.51 g/cm³ and hardness from 443 to 2418.55 MPa compared to 100 wt.% fly ash. Optimal density and hardness were achieved at a sintering temperature of 1150 °C.
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THE EFFECT OF VARIATIONS OF CaCo3 ON ACTIVATED CHARCOAL IN THE PACK CARBURIZING PROCESS ON INCREASING THE HARDNESS OF LOW CARBON STEEL VIEWED FROM MICRO STRUCTURE AND HARDNESS
Because of its soft, ductile and easy-to-work nature, steel is widely used as a material in making a product. To obtain hard properties on the surface and remain soft at the core, a surface hardening process is carried out, so that the product can function according to its design objectives. One way to do this surface hardening is with solid carbon media or pack carburizing. To carry out this carburizing process, a furnace is required that is designed to be heat resistant and easy to operate. safe with coal fuel. for the furnace tester that has been designed, testing was carried out on low carbon steel using 1000 grams of activated charcoal carburization media with variations: 200 grams, 100 grams, 66.7 grams of Calcium carbonate (CaCo3) at a heating temperature of 950 0C and a holding time of 4 hours. Then continued with the quenching process. The test results show that the test material with a composition of 1000 grams of activated charcoal with 200 grams of calcium carbonate is better with the addition of carbon elements so that when quenching is carried out, a martensite microstructure is formed.
Composition of activated charcoal and CaCo3
NUMERICAL STUDY OF 3D FLOW INTERACTION OF AIRFOIL AND FLAT PLATE
The effect of secondary flows in the wing-body configuration on aircraft—that is, the presence of wingtip-vortex on the tip region and the creation of multiple elements of the vortex flow on the endwall region—is the basis for studies of the existence of these secondary flow structures. These two factors combined will obstruct the main flow. The presence of this blocking effect will have an impact on the lift and drag aerodynamics, which directly impacts the wing's efficacy and efficiency. The saddle point's position shifting toward the pressure side is a phenomenon that can be seen in the endwall area. On the other hand, the area of maximum pressure on the lower surface travels towards the press side, and the movement of the minimum pressure point on the upper surface is found to be closer to the leading edge based on the isobar contour. The study will be carried out experimentally on a flat plate model with a wing shape change with an angle of attack variation (α) = 0o.
STUDY OF DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER INTERRUPTION ON 20 KV DISTRIBUTION NETWORK AT PT PLN (PERSERO) RAYON NATAR
The use of distribution transformers has a very important role in the distribution of electrical energy in a distribution system. The transformer used must be maintained properly so that its reliability is maintained stable, so as to avoid the form of interference. If a disturbance occurs, it will result in a break in the continuity of electricity distribution to consumers and also losses for consumers and PLN itself. Some disturbances that often occur are due to overloads, unbalanced loads, lightning strikes and internal disturbances in the transformer (disturbances originating from the transformer itself). Through this research, a case study will be taken on the 20 kV distribution network at PT PLN (Persero) Rayon Natar. Keywords : Distribution System, Transformer, PLN, Rayon Natar
DESIGN OF A HEXACOPTER CONTROL SYSTEM USING FUZZY LOGIC CONTROL
The development of hexacopters has progressed significantly in both hardware and software, leading to increased complexity. Despite these advancements, several challenges remain. The nonlinear, multivariable, and dynamic nature of hexacopter systems often results in flight instability, suboptimal precision in movements, and reduced flight duration. To address these issues, this study proposes the implementation of a fuzzy logic control (FLC) system to enhance the performance and stability of hexacopters during flight. The control system aims to minimize rise time, settling time, and overshoot. The research methodology involves developing a mathematical model of the open-loop system using the System Identification Toolbox in MATLAB, optimizing PID values through the PID Tuner, and designing the fuzzy control system based on error and delta error. The open-loop system demonstrates performance metrics of rise time (Tr) 4.60 s, delay time (Td) 2.76 s, peak time (Tp) 6.50 s, settling time (Ts) 5.91 s, and overshoot (Mp) 1.29%. With PID control, the performance improves to rise time (Tr) 3.24 s, delay time (Td) 1.85 s, peak time (Tp) 10.00 s, settling time (Ts) 9.55 s, and overshoot (Mp) 0%. Furthermore, the fuzzy logic controller achieves superior results with rise time (Tr) 3.19 s, delay time (Td) 1.53 s, peak time (Tp) 4.64 s, settling time (Ts) 3.37 s, and overshoot (Mp) 0%.
ENHANCING VOLTAGE STABILITY AND ENERGY OUTPUT OF PLTM SALIDO IN THE PLN DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
Distributed generation (DG) integration in PLN’s extended distribution network often encounters voltage instability issues due to high voltage drops. These challenges restrict power delivery and can lead to disconnection, particularly during peak load conditions. This study investigates methods to enhance voltage stability and optimize the energy output of PLTM Salido. Using ETAP Power Station software, various operational schemes were simulated to address the problem of low terminal voltage. The study focused on the impact of reactive power injection and governor settings optimization to maintain generator performance under high demand. Results indicate that reactive power injection significantly improves terminal voltage, ensuring continuous power delivery. Adding a third generator unit further increased energy supply capacity, leveraging the full potential of available hydropower. The optimized operation of PLTM Salido with two generators increased daily energy output by 32.2%, while introducing a third generator boosted energy delivery by 107%. This research highlights the critical role of reactive power management and system configuration in enhancing the performance of small-scale hydropower plants in rural distribution networks.
MAKING HOLLOW PAVING BLOCKS USING UNIFORMLY GRADED AGGREGATE
Pervious paving blocks are type of concrete brick (paving block) that is designed with pervious or gaps in the interior which become water absorption pathway into the soil, thereby helping reduce waterlongging and supporting a natural drainage system. This research aims to obtain compressive strength values and maximize the infiltration rates of perforated paving bocks using uniformly graded aggregates. The coarse aggregate used is split sizes 2-10 mm 1nd 10-20 mm with a mixture ratio of 1 Pc : 2 Split, 1 Pc : 3 Split, and 1 Pc : 4 Split. The paving block test object uses a rectangular mold with dimensions of 20 cm x 10 cm x 6 cm. Tests carried out on paving block test specimens were compressive strength and infiltration rate at the age of the test object of 28 days. Test results for compressive strength and infiltration rate of paving block specimens using a 5-10 mm split for a ratio of 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4 respectively, the compressive strength was 14.50 MPa; 8.17 MPa; 5.33 MPa, and an infiltration rate of 3.16 mm/s; 6.15 mm/s; 8,61 mm/sec, and using a split 0f 10-20 mm for a ratio of 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4 respectively, the compressive strength is 21.83 MPa; 10.87 MPa, 7.30 MPa, and an infiltration rate of 4.04 mm/s; 7.18 mm/s; 10.04 mm/sec. Using a larger uniformly graded aggregate size can increase the compressive strength and maximize the infiltration rate of paving block. The mixture ratio using more uniformly graded aggregate can increase the infiltration rate but decrease the compressive strength of the paving block. Keywords: Compressive Strength, Infiltration Rate, Hollow Paving Blocks, Uniformly Graded Aggregate, Mix Ratio, Continuous Drainage
GUIDANCE IN QUALITY PAVING BLOCK PRODUCTION AT SMALL INDUSTRY UD. SAFIRA TARASO
Small industry UD. Safira Taraso produces paving blocks with various types and types of compressive strength, the most ordered by consumers are the quality of K-250 kg / cm2 and K-225 kg / cm2. Good quality paving blocks have a compressive strength value according to plan and are less than 10% of the absorption value according to SNI 03 - 0691 - 1996. The compressive strength test of paving blocks produced by UD Safira Taraso obtained 139.4 kg / cm2 (11.57 mpa) for the quality of K-225 kg / cm2 and a compressive strength value of 140.6 kg / cm2` (11.67 mpa) for K-250 kg / cm2. Paving block material consists of a mixture of cement, sand, crushed stone, stone ash and water. This material is obtained from the industry and standard testing is carried out in the Teknologi Beton laboratory of Bung Hatta University. This PKM aims to provide assistance and training in the production of paving blocks from the results of the mixture design in the laboratory for the two compressive strengths above. The K250 kg/cm2 mixture design obtained 103 paving blocks with materials of 1 sack of cement, 30.7 kg of sand, 62.1 kg of crushed stone, 63.6 kg of fly ash and 22.3 liters of water. The K225 kg/cm2 mixture design obtained 117 paving blocks with materials of 1 sack of cement, 64 kg of sand, 34 kg of crushed stone, 66.8 kg of fly ash and 28 liters of water. The results of the material mixture design obtained were carried out training and mentoring at the small industry UD. Safira Taraso. Keywords: Pavingblock, Mentoring, Compressive Strength, K225, K250
CREATION OF FISH PELLET MAKING MACHINE DRIVE SYSTEM
The fisheries industry is one of the important sectors in the Indonesian economy. One crucial aspect in fish farming is the provision of high-quality and continuous feed. Fish pellets are the main choice because of their balanced nutritional content and ease of use. So far, fish pellets available on the market are often imported from large producers who dominate the market. Therefore, an alternative solution is needed that allows farmers to produce their own fish pellets with reliable quality and more economical costs. The creation of a drive system on a fish pellet molding machine is an effort to increase the efficiency of producing quality and affordable fish feed. The working principle of this drive system uses a mechanical energy conversion mechanism from an electric motor to the grinding and molding components. The electric motor functions as the main source of power, which is then transmitted through a gear or belt system to the grinding section to crush raw materials and mold pellets according to the desired size. The process of making the drive system involves calculating the engine pulley rotation of 1400 rpm while the driven pulley rotation is 437.5 rpm, the belt speed is 464 cm / s and the torque is 1,660.80 kg.mm. The test results show that the machine is capable of producing pellets after 3 tests with variations in the weight of the pellet raw materials, the results of the first test were 15.65 kg/hour, the second test 26.47 kg/hour and the third 26.67 kg/hour and the average result was 68.79 kg/hour.
ANALYSIS OF PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY PRODUCTION AS AN ELECTRIC CAR CHARGING INFRASTRUCTURE AT THE MUARO JAMBI DPRD OFFICE
The automotive sector is very important to achieve net zero global emissions to limit global warming because 65% to 80% of the emissions produced come from exhaust and indirect emissions come from fuel. In 2050, the volume of oil production is expected to fall by 55% and gas by 70% and coal will no longer be produced. For this reason, regional governments, especially Jambi province, can be pioneers in preparing to use electric vehicles, starting with the use of official cars in every government agency. Muaro Jambi Regency (Sengeti) is 30.4 km from Jambi City, where the average government employee lives in Jambi City and uses fossil fuel official cars every day. This is of course a long-term global energy security problem. In this research, data analysis was carried out regarding solar radiation and energy production of Photovoltaic (PV) systems using the Photovoltaic Geographical Information System (PVGIS) web application located at the Muaro Jambi DPRD office where the data was used as charging infrastructure for 1 electric car in one trip. . From the research results, there is potential for Photovoltaic (PV) system energy as infrastructure for charging electric cars and allows for 2 units of electric cars with the same specifications, because there is an average energy per day that is not captured at 5512.2 Wh.
CONSTRUCTION OF A GOODS ELEVATOR WITH A MANUAL PULLEY SYSTEM
An elevator, commonly referred to as a lift, is a lifting device frequently used in multi-story buildings to transport people or goods. In the context of this design, the objective is to develop an elevator for a two-story building with a height of 4 meters. The background of this project is to provide a practical and efficient elevator system for buildings that do not require high-capacity or complex machinery. The purpose of this design is to create an affordable and reliable manual pulley-based elevator system suitable for low-rise buildings. The methodology includes observation of existing elevator systems, the application of established design standards, and a thorough literature review. Based on these inputs, the elevator utilizes a manual pulley system with a maximum load capacity of 540 kg. The cabin, which accommodates four people, is lifted using six ropes of type 8x19 with a diameter of 13 mm. The cabin is guided by T90 rails and is equipped with a wedge-type safety gear system for enhanced security. The results of the design show that the system meets the required specifications for load capacity and safety, while remaining cost-effective and efficient for the intended application. In conclusion, this manual pulley elevator system is a feasible and practical solution for small to medium-sized buildings, offering both reliability and safety within a modest budget
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ANALYSIS OF ELECTRICITY POTENTIAL WITH THE UTILIZATION OF BRINE WASTE HEAT WITH ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE (ORC) IN THE X WELL OF THE SORIK MARAPI GEOTHERMAL FIELD
The residual brine heat in the Geothermal Power Plant (PLTP) has the potential to be utilized to generate electricity because it still has a fairly high temperature and pressure. The method of utilizing residual brine heat is by using the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) which can be used to utilize heat at low temperatures. The main parameter method measured is the pressure and temperature in the working fluid circulation, hot water circulation (brine), and cooling water circulation. The ORC system uses an evaporator component as a replacement for the generator or boiler system in the Rankine cycle. The ORC system utilizes low-temperature heat sources such as Internal Combustion Engine exhaust heat, solar heat, biomass and brine from geothermal power plants. At low temperatures, organic fluids have higher cycle efficiency than water. The mass rate value in this study was 13.63 kg/s. where the turbine work is 328.07 Kw and the condenser heat transfer rate is 113.40 kj/s. The pump work is 311.8544 Kw. And the rate of heat transfer in the evaporator has an efficiency of 4.93% where the heat absorbed by the evaporator is 129.6213 kj/s.
PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF BLOCK B BUILDING, SAWAHLUNTO MARKET
Indonesia is a country with a high risk of earthquakes. Earthquake vibrations can cause ground shifts, which, in turn, affect building structures. To assess the level of risk for building damage, it is necessary to conduct a collapse scheme analysis and seismic performance evaluation of buildings. In this study, the author examined one of the earthquake-prone areas, Sawahlunto City, located in West Sumatra Province, Indonesia. The focus of the research is Block B of the Sawahlunto Market, a building that serves as a hub for community economic activities. The analysis employed is pushover analysis. The research methods include data collection, load calculations, 3D modeling, and static pushover analysis. Structural modeling was carried out using SAP2000 software. The structural performance level was evaluated based on SNI 1726-2019 and ATC-40 standards, and the mechanism of structural collapse was analyzed using plastic hinge formation. The analysis results show that the capacity curves in the X and Y directions have almost identical shapes, indicating that the structural stiffness along both axes is nearly the same. The performance points in the X and Y directions classify the building structure under the immediate occupancy category. This indicates that the building is highly capable of withstanding earthquakes with no significant damage.
TESLA TURBINE DESIGN AS A HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT
This research focuses on the design of the Tesla Turbine as a simple Hydroelectric Power Plant. This design focuses on the main dimensions of the Tesla Turbine such as diameter, distance, disk thickness and other supporting components. This Tesla turbine is designed for. Head 9.8 m and discharge 0.028 m3/s so that the disk dimensions are obtained: distance between disks (b)= 0.8 mm, disk diameter (D)=160 mm, disk thickness (t)=0.40 mm, aspect ratio (ϵ)=0 mm, Ri= 24 mm, number of disks (N)=13 disks. For Nozzle dimensions: Nozzle surface area (An)=0.002m2, Nozzle diameter (Dn)=0.051m, Nozzle width =16.4mm. For the turbine housing, the following dimensions are obtained: turbine housing width ()=200mm, turbine housing height ()=200mm, wall thickness ()=8mm, turbine housing diameter ()=166mm, turbine housing thickness =40.26mm
EVALUATION OF THE EXTERNAL LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEM IN THE INTEGRATED LECTURE BUILDING AT THE UIN IMAM BONJOL PADANG CAMPUS IN SUNGAI BANGEK
Protection and security in building structures are very much needed against lightning strikes. Integrated Lecture Building of UIN Imam Bonjol Padang Campus in Sungai Bangek whose building construction is located in a highland area in a hilly area. For that, an external lightning protection system is needed to protect the building from direct lightning strikes. In designing external lightning protection installed on building structures, it must follow the technical requirements that need to be considered, such as identifying the need for a PUIPP-based lightning protection system, determining the level of protection of the lightning protection system based on SNI 03-7015-2004, IEC 1024-1-1, and NFPA 780. The lightning protection system used in this building is Lightning Protection Radius 120 m Non Radio Active as an external defense of the electromagnetic or electrostatic field system. Based on the ground resistance measurement data at several grounding points, the values ​​​​are 1.48 ohms, 1.35 ohms and 1.34 ohms which are still below the standard value of a maximum of 2 ohms required. The evaluation of the discussion can describe the protection area of ​​the Integrated Lecture Building with the results obtained showing that the building protection already has a good level of efficiency and is included in ideal conditions with a safe category from lightning strike protection referring to the measurement data of the soil resistance value at several grounding points which are used as a grounding system.
PERFORMANCE OF ROTARY FRICTION WELDING MACHINE IN LOWER KEBON STEEL SEEN FROM THE MACRO STRUCTURE AND BENDING TEST
Friction welding is a welding process that produces fusion through heat generated between two joint surfaces due to the mechanical movement of the rubbing surfaces. The heat produced due to surface friction is very dependent on the number of rotations of the driving motor. Testing of this rotary type friction welding machine was carried out in the Mechanical Engineering laboratory of the Padang Institute of Technology. The friction welding machine has a motor power of 2 HP producing 3950 rpm rotation at the chuck and the connection press uses a hydraulic jack and is equipped with a braking system which functions to stop the motor rotation after the connection occurs with a braking time of 1.1 seconds. The test material used is low carbon steel with a diameter of 10 mm and a diameter of 8 mm, the length of the test material is 8 cm. The amount of test material with a diameter of 10 mm is 6 rods. And the number of test materials with a diameter of 8 mm was 6 rods. The surfaces of the test materials being joined must be flat and clean from rust or other chemical substances that could damage the connection. The results of tests carried out on steel bars with a diameter of 10 mm with an initial length of 16 cm with three tests obtained an average final length of 15.5 cm with an average total welding time of 79 seconds and a time for heat generation and pressure of 20 seconds, a large pressing force of 196 N. On the test material with a diameter of 8 mm, an initial length of 16 cm with three tests obtained an average final length of 15.5 cm and a total welding time of 49 seconds, heat time of seconds, pressing force of 157 N From the macro structure tests and bending tests, it shows good b=mechanical properties where in the test samples there are no breaks or cracks in the nugget joints formed. Keywords: Rotation, heating time,
3-D FLOW STUDY NEAR ENDWALL ON AIRFOIL AND FLAT PLATE INTERACTION
Studies of the existence of these secondary flow structures are based on the effect of the emergence of secondary flows in the wing-body configuration on aircraft, i.e. the presence of wingtip-vortex on the tip region and the creation of several elements of the vortex flow on the endwall region, both of which together will cause the blockage of the main flow. The existence of this blockage effect will affect the aerodynamic characteristics of the lift and drag, where it directly affects the effectiveness and efficiency of the wing. In the endwall area the phenomenon can be observed is the shift of the position of the saddle point towards the pressure side. Whereas from the isobar contour the movement of the minimum pressure point on the upper surface is found to be closer to the leading edge, and the area of maximum pressure on the lower surface moves towards the press side. The research will be conducted experimentally on a wing geometry variation modeled on a flat plate with an angle of attack variation (α) = 0o.
ENERGY CONSERVATION OF LIGHTING SYSTEMS FOR THE COMFORT OF A TWO-STORY HOUSE USING DIALUX EVO SIMULATION
In order to improve energy conservation efforts and comfort in building structures, all building managers such as professional associations, consultants, contractors, suppliers can apply the concepts of lighting system design procedures in building structures that can be utilized by planners as required by SNI 6197:2020. In this study, technical calculations were carried out using dialux evo software to obtain lighting intensity based on the function of the residential room. From the results of the research that has been carried out, the minimum average lighting level of the lighting intensity of each room function in natural lighting during the day, there are 2 rooms that meet the requirements, namely the bedroom and bathroom (KM1, for this purpose artificial lighting is carried out using lamps, at night the minimum average lighting level on the first floor gets a large lighting intensity of the room that meets the requirements based on SNI 6197:2020 which is required for each room function. To save energy, the bedroom and bathroom (KM1) switches are in the off position during the day while at night the switches for each room are in the on position.
Lighting, Residential, SNI 6197:2020, Dialux Evo
RENTAL CAR TRACKING AND MONITORING SYSTEM USES GPS Sensors Based on NODEMCU ESP32
Obtained conditions in which the Neo6 GPS module can detect the Earth's coordinates in the form of latitudes and volumes as well as the speed of the vehicle's movement to its coordinates. The app knows where you are based on the coordinates, speed, and impact of the car. In addition, the app sends speed warning notifications. In addition, the application can detect the correct or incorrect username and password to protect the view form. In addition, for research on a straight road and at a constant speed, the accuracy of the equipment will be tested by collecting GPS speed data and actual speed data if there is a significant change in speed in a short period of time. With four vehicle collision detection positions, testing this system yields an accurate conditional value. If an accident occurs, it will be immediately sent to the application and sent to a vehicle crash site used, as well as to the firebase database.
VARIATION OF WATER SOURCE HEIGHT ON HYDRAM PUMP WATER PRESSURE AND DISCHARGE
The hydram pump is a water pump that is energy efficient and environmentally friendly. The hydram pump is an appropriate technology in the field of pumping that uses water momentum (water hammer) to raise water, so the hydram pump is one of the water pumps that does not use fuel and electricity. Much research has been carried out regarding hydram pumps, but there is still much that needs to be studied so that knowledge about hydram pump planning is better. The effective performance of a hydram pump is influenced by several parameters, including drop height, pipe diameter, pipe type, characteristics of the waste valve, length of the inlet pipe and length of the pipe on the waste valve. The water source comes from the Unand Dam River flow, with variations in the height of the water source, namely 0.7m, 1.3m and 1.9m. with water flowing using an inlet pipe with a pipe diameter of 2 inches with a pipe length of 8 meters, and an outlet water pipe with a diameter of 1 inch with a height of 8 meters. The first test with a water source height of 0.7m obtained an inlet water pressure of 1.1 bar and an outlet water pressure of 1bar, with an outlet water pipe height of 8 meters which resulted in an outlet water discharge of 0.037 (L/second). In the second test with a water source height of 1.3 m, the inlet water pressure was 1.3 bar and the outlet water pressure was 1.2 bar, with an outlet water pipe height of 8 meters which resulted in an outlet water discharge of 0.071 (L/second). And in the third test with a water source height of 1.9m, the incoming water pressure was 1.4 bar and the outgoing water pressure was 1.3 bar, with an outgoing water pipe height of 8 meters which resulted in an outgoing water discharge of 0.091 (L/second).
UTILIZATION OF BAMBOO FIBER AS AN ADDITIVE TO CONCRETE MIXTURES
Bamboo is a fiber-producing plant that can be used as an alternative fiber additive for concrete mixes to overcome cracks in concrete. The aim of this research is to determine the compressive strength and split tensile strength values of concrete from the use of bamboo fiber as an additional ingredient in the concrete mixture. The bamboo used is petung bamboo and apus bamboo, the fiber size is 20 mm long and 1-2 mm in diameter, with a percentage of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5% of the cement weight. Concrete mix planning uses SNI 7656-2012 for a planned compressive strength of 20 MPa at 28 days. The results of testing the compressive strength and split tensile strength of concrete from the percentage of use and, for petung bamboo, the average concrete compressive strength was respectively 23.58 MPa, 24.69 MPa, 19.45 MPa, 17.17 MPa, 13.02 MPa, and the split tensile strength of concrete were respectively 2.05 MPa, 2.40 MPa, 2.06 MPa, 2.03 MPa, 2.02 MPa, while for apus bamboo the average concrete compressive strength was obtained respectively 22.56 MPa, 23.07 MPa, 15.37 MPa, 14.09 MPa, 14.07 MPa, and the average splitting tensile strength of concrete is 2.15 MPa, 2.50 MPa, 2.47 MPa, 2.40 MPa. Using of up to 2% bamboo fiber in the concrete mixture can increase the compressive strength of the concrete, and using up to 5% bamboo fiber can increase the split tensile strength of the concrete. Petung bamboo fiber produces a higher compressive strength of concrete than apus bamboo fiber, while apus bamboo fiber produces a higher split tensile strength of concrete than petung bamboo fiber